sat语法

  • SAT
  • 2016-11-20 15:45

  关于【SAT语法】的一切!SAT语法固定搭配、常考题型、语法体系、考试经验等……立思辰留学360老师在这里教您SAT语法葵花宝典十招(大家见招拆招吧)

  v1、选项中含有 having/being 的 95%是错的

  SAT中没有being that表原因的用法,也没有my being late 等这么awkward的用法,能用being的只有1.表示进行被动;2在介词后 i strolled at night alone at the risk of being raped.!!

  v2、在 SAT 语法中 there be 句型表示自然存在的,原文中有 there be70%是错的

  v3、平行形式 A, B and C 中一定是 and 连接,而不是 as well as

  v4、动词优于形容词优于抽象名词

  v5、主动优于被动,连词优于介词

  v6、介词加 which 优于 where(which 前是什么介词不考)

  v7、宾语从句 that 不省

  v8、this/that 在SAT中指代整句话绝对是错误的

  v9、没有 do it / them / that 只有 do so

  v10、表示是否只能用 whether , 不使用 if 和 whether ~ or not

  SAT语法49题出错控制在3个以下,一个是习惯用法,一个是no error(大家可千万别没有勇气下手,这个概率可是每套卷子都有2-5个左右),下面是历年及OG上的一些习惯用法,大家平常在做练习的时候也多积累一些吧!

  ·           a number of = many(后面动词用复数)

  ·           associate A with B 把 A 和 B 联系起来 be associated with

  ·           at a (great)distance

  ·           attempt to do sth = in an attempt to do sth

  ·           attribute sth to; be attributed to

  ·           be absorbed in 致力于

  ·           be essible/inessible to

  ·           be ustomed to 习惯于

  ·           be committed to / commit oneself to / commit one’s life to 致力于

  ·           be compared to/with be inconsistent / consistent with 与……不一致/ 与……一致 be dedicated to doing 致力于

  ·           be exposed to 暴露于 be familiar to/with

  ·           be responsible for (doing) sth

  ·           be similar to be subjected to

  ·           cause/lead/enable/force/order/allow/permit/expect/persuade sb to do

  ·           sth

  ·           consist of 由……组成

  ·           differ from = be different from…

  ·           draw on/upon excel at doing 擅长于

  ·           for the most part

  ·           have impact on = have influence on

  ·           have/take interest in

  ·           in particular

  ·           in the hope of doing sth = hope to do sth

  ·           make contribution to = contribute to

  ·           prefer A to B

  ·           prohibit./prevent/keep sb from doing sth

  ·           protect.... from

  ·           regard/view/consider.... as....(常用被动:be regarded as…)

  ·           result from / in....seed in doing sth = manage to do sth

  ·           take ...into ount/consideration 考虑到……

  ·           take advantage of 利用take offense at .... 因....发怒

  ·           take pride in…=be proud of.... 以....为自豪

  ·           tend to / have a tendency to do....有……的趋势

  ·

  ·           Use sth to do

  ·           Threat to

  ·           Manage to

  ·           Be capable of

  ·           In the hope of

  ·           On the verge of

  ·           consistent with

  ·           Opposite to/of

  ·           Arrive in/at

  ·           Preupation with

  ·           Comply with

  ·           Afflict with

  ·           Prevent from

  ·           Deter from

  ·           Keep from

  ·           Have a tendency to do

  ·           Far away from

  ·           Far from

  ·           Be particular about挑剔/in 特别

  ·

  然后给大家分享一下常考到的知识体系,希望语法部分尽量拿满分。

  一、常考语法体系(挑错题 Identifying Sentence Errors)

  1.主谓一致(Subject verb agreement)。

  尤其是用于倒装时,比如there be句型或地点状语至于句首的倒装情况,一定要找到真正的主语。通常一套writing里总会有一个倒装句,并多为动词部分出错。

  有插入语时,要勇敢的抛弃非中心部分,找到中心的主语。

  主谓一致还会出现在一些固定用法中,但一般比较简单,比如a number of + noun(复) vs. the number of + noun(单), 面包黄油,刀叉等等。

  就近原则:there be句型, not only..., but also...; neither..., nor...; either..., or...

  特殊名词:“人群牛群警察群”单数名词作复数。(people, cattle, police)

  文学性的总称都是不可数名词。E.g. literature; poetry; prose.

  2.平行结构(parallel structure)。

  注意and, or和but的用法。As well as是用于连接两个并列的结构。

  另外尤其注意,在比较结构中,中心一定是同类相比较。

  A, B, and/or C形式的正确用法是,A, B, C可以是单词或短语,并且一定都是同一形式的,如都是名词,或都是动名词短语。

  3.形容词副词(adjective & adverb)

  常考考点:形容词副词的混用及他们的比较级最高级。

  Adj只可以修饰名词,adv则可修饰除名词外的大部分词。er和more都可以表示比较级,但二者不可同时出现。

  比较级和than要同存同亡(必须一起出现)。

  另外,副词不可以连接两个并列的句子,例如whereby。

  Tips: 形容词的应用范围不如副词广,通常比较容易是出错的地方。

  4.逻辑主语(logic subject)

  当分词或者形容词放在句首,一定要考虑它的主语问题。这种情况下,主语通常是人而不是物,而且是发出句首分词描述的动作的那一个。

  句型:Ving/Ved, S + V + O

  特殊句型:when/while/as + adj, S + V + O

  这个特殊句型是when/while/as + S + be + adj, S + V + O的简略形式。但只有当一个句子满足以下条件时才可以省略从句中的主语和谓语。

  条件:a. 主句和从句用的是同一套主谓。

  b. 从句中有be动词。

  E.g. When she was young, she killed many men. (她年轻的时候迷死了很多男人)可以省略为When young, she killed many men.

  5. 名词和代词(pronoun & noun)常考考点:名词单复数混淆;男女混淆;主格宾格混淆(宾格用于动词宾语,介词宾语和补语)

  也会在their, it和they之间指代不明。(在后面修改句子的笔记中详细说明;挑错题一般只考单复数对应,很少考到指代不明。)

  关于指代,跨段之间不能指代;it不能指代整个句子,只能指代一个名词或动作;one和they之间,one和you之间都不可以相互指代。

  另外,this不能单独充当主语和宾语,一定要有其他的名词和它在一起。

  反身代词(oneself)不能单独作主语。

  常用指示代词:which, that, who, whom, whose

  其中that不可以引导非限定性定语从句(即逗号后的定语从句),并且只有当that在从句里作宾语或表语时,that才可以被省略。

  E.g. This is the café that we always go to. 这句话中that是go to的宾语,所以可以省略为 This is the café we always go to.

  6. 时态(tense)常考考点:时态的混用,多为过去完成时和一般过去时的混用,现在完成时和一般过去时的混用。Common mistake: have + 过去式(应为过去分词)

  7. 固定搭配(这个就需要平时的积累了,上面已经提供不少了)。如果一个题有一项是在固定搭配的词组下划线,并且没有错,那么一般这个句子就没有错。

  三、修改句子(Improving Sentences)1.修改句子的第一原则就是永远不能改变原句的意思,结构和关系。

  原文中没有的单词(尤其是表示转折、因果的关系词),在选项中出现了,就是改变句意及关系了;同理,原文中已有的关系,在选项中被省略了,也是改变了句意。

  如果原句是复合句(即主句+从句),选项中出现简单句或并列句(两个平行的句子),就是改变原句的结构了。

  2.简洁原则。

  表示原因的时候,because永远是最简洁的表达方式,比because of简洁。

  主动语态比被动语态简洁。

  直接表达比间接更为简洁。E.g. there be < it is

  动词短语比名词短语更为简洁。E.g. doing sth > one’s doing sth

  doing sth > the doing of sth

  3.逗号永远不能单独连接两个并列的句子。

  正确修改方法:在逗号后面加连接词或将逗号改为分号。

  错误修改方式:逗号后加介词或副词。

  4.逻辑主语:同挑错题的语法。

  5.含有having和being的选项一定不选(不简洁表达方式)。

  6.时态的对应(同挑错题语法)。

  7.名次及代词的单复数对应(同挑错题语法)。

  8.平行结构(同挑错题语法):

  A, B, and /or C (平行结构,A,B,C必须是同一个形式的单词或短语)

  同类相比较:e.g. I swim better than him(he does).

  The population of China is larger than that of the U.S.

  9.固定短语。

  比较常见到的有:had just/hardly.... , when....

  just as... , so....

  so much... as.... , not any more....

  10.同位语。

  N1, N2 + V + O

  只有当N1和N2 呈同位语时(简单的说,即N1和N2指的其实是同一个subject),上面的句子才正确。

  E.g. My grammar teacher (N1), LNN (N2), is a pretty lady.

  11.雷区——代词划线,指代不明(重点)。

  指代明确的条件:they和it都只能指代之钱的唯一一个复数或单数名词,并且符合结构指代,即主语指代主语,宾语指代宾语。

  当修改句子的题目中代词部分被划线而且判断出是指代不明,只选择不含任何同样代词的句子。

  任何代词都不能指代一个句子,只能指代一个句子成分。

  跨段之间不能指代。

  一个句子里如果有两个或以上的同样的代词,这些代词必须指代的是同一个成分。

  This不能单独充当主语或宾语。

  One和you/they不能互相指代。

  12.插入语。

  S,插入语,V + O.

  这个句型里的V一定是单独的动词(和时态及主语的单复数对应),不可以用Ving/代词+V/which + V.

  E.g. Usually most students of this college, from faculty of science to faculty of arts, have opportunities to go abroad for exchange programs.

  13.当句首出现as/like/of N1, 后面的主语N2要和前面as/like/of之后的名词呈同位语关系。

  E.g. As a responsible teacher (N1), Mr. Lee (N2) always prepares his lesson carefully before hand.

  14.标点

  除了经常遇到的逗号的问题之外,破折号和冒号有时也会出现。并且通常含有这两个标点符号的选项都是错误的。

  15.指示代词。

  结构指代:S1+ V1 + O1. S2 + V2 +O2. 两句之间必须是主语指代主语,宾语指代宾语。

  S + V + O, which/who........ 有逗号的是非限定性定语从句,从句指代距离最近的名词(宾语)的中心词。(that不可以引导非限定性定语从句)

  E.g. I borrowed this book from the daughter of my math teacher who has always been very nice to me. (限定性定语从句,从句修饰的是my math teacher)

  I borrowed this book from the daughter of my math teacher, who has always been very nice to me. (非限定性定语从句,从句修饰的是the daughter)

  16.当句首出现the reason,选项里含有be that的就是正确的。

  当句子中出现the reason that .... , 语义等于because,选项中含有because的就是正确的。

  17.Who, whom, which, what之后的从句只能是残缺的(缺少主语或宾语)。

  E.g. He is the one who broke the world record recently. (缺少主语)

  This album is what we are looking for. (缺少宾语)

  18.动词不定式(to + 动词原形)出现在句首和句中都表示将来或目的。如果原文中没有出现不定式,选项中含有不定式的都是错误的。

  19.当表示“是否”时,whether比if用到的范围要广。当whether和if同时出现时,选择有whether的而不选if。

  Whether.... or not是正确的,而if..... or not是不正确的。

  General Tips:

  1.语法部分时间安排:修改句子(8分钟)+ 挑错题(9分钟)+ 修改文章(6分钟)+ 涂卡,检查(2分钟)

  2.having和being出现在句中都是错误的,但放在句首可能是正确的。

  3.挑错题中alike, until, unless划线的选项一般不考虑(这几的词的用法在SAT语法考试中通常不会出错)。

  4.关于挑错题中的E选项(no error)。

  考生通常不敢轻易选E。其实选E的题目多数时候是在考固定搭配,如果固定搭配没有错,通常整个句子都没有错。

  5. 文章修改(Improving Paragraphs)中的题型一共有3大类,分别是处置一个句子(reproduce a single sentence),合并句子(reproduce two sentences)和主旨题。如同阅读一样,主旨题要放在最后去做。处置一个句子的题目中,一个句子只有一个错误,并且不用考虑选项中的修改是否正确,只需要看选项修改的是不是原句中真正出错的位置。只要正确地挑出错误,就是正确答案。合并句子一般都是在两句中间添加关系词或连接词,使它变成一个长句。

  6.跨段之间不能指代,每段的开头绝不可以用代词开头。

  状语从句整理: 主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:

  1. 时间状语从句

  常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

  特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

  I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

  While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

  The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.

  No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.注意时态

  Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

  2. 地点状语从句

  常用引导词:where

  特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere

  Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.没先行词,所以是状语从句,不是定语从句

  Wherever you go, you should work hard.

  3. 原因状语从句

  常用引导词:because, since, as, since

  特殊引导词:seeing that因为, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as

  My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and sessful.

  Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

  The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

  Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

  4. 目的状语从句

  常用引导词:so that, in order that

  特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

  The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

  The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

  5. 结果状语从句 目的状从和表结果的并列句或者结果状语从句特别容易混淆,目的是主观,一般未发生,结果是客观事实,是已发生的。

  常用引导词:so … that, so… that, such … that,

  特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

  He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

  It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

  To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

  An earl rebel in Lundon so that the message rode the house to tell the king.错,应用so,没有that

  6. 条件状语从句

  常用引导词:if, unless, 重点考虚拟语气,第十部分讲解

  特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

  We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

  You will certainly seed so long as you keep on trying.

  Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

  7. 让步状语从句

  常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though

  特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首,反之不一定 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

  Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

  尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。

  The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

  No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

  He won’t listen whatever you may say.

  8. 比较状语从句,第6章要展开讲

  常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

  特殊引导词:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B 与其A ,不如B

  She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

  The house is three times as big as ours.

  The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

  Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。(类比的修辞手法)

  9. 方式状语从句

  常用引导词:as, as if, how

  特殊引导词:the way

  When in Rome, do as the Roman do.

  She behaved as if she were the boss.

  Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

  注意: because 不可以和 so 一起联用, though (although) 不可以和 but 一起联用。

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